Transpiration Lab Write Up Essay Example

Transpiration Lab Write Up Essay Example Transpiration Lab Write Up Essay Transpiration Lab Write Up Essay Transpiration Lab Write Up Purpose/Question: How do environmental factors affect the transpiration process in plants? Research: Transpiration is the process by which moisture is carried through plants from roots to small pores on the underside of leaves, where it changes to vapor and is released to the atmosphere. Transpiration is essentially evaporation of water from plant leaves. It occurs chiefly at the leaves while their stomata are open for the passage of CO2 and O2 during photosynthesis. Transpiration is not simply a hazard of plant life. It is the engine that pulls water up from the roots to supply photosynthesis (1%-2% of the total), bring minerals from the roots for biosynthesis within the leaf, and cool the leaf. There are four different conditions that affect transpiration. They are wind, humidity, heat, and light. These four conditions may change rate of water loss through transpiration by either losing more water, or less. Plants have adapted to create the C4, and CAM pathway. In the both pathway the plant takes CO2 and stored. Since CO2 can be taken up and stored for later use in photosynthesis, the plant reduces water loss by having less stomata open during the day since most of its needed CO2 has already been taken up at night. With the abundance of CO2 stored, the plant can then use the stored CO2 for photosynthesis and reducing photorespiration by reducing or completely eliminating accidental O2 uptake. Materials: 1) 5 small plants 2) Fish tank 3) Water spray bottle 4) Water 5) Heat lamp 6) Fan 7) Regular lamp 8) Mass weighter ) Place to record weight Procedure: Place Lamp, Heat lamp, fan, and fish tank in different areas where they won’t affect the other. Spray the fish tank with water and to make a humid environment and keep spraying everyday to ensure the tank is wet. Water all of your plants. Weigh all the plants on the original day, Monday, and record the weight. Place a plant in every condition. With the extra plant, place it in an area without a specific condition to use as a control plan t. Do not water the plants the rest of the week. Every day, weigh the plants and record its water loss for every plant. At the end of the week, create a chart for the amount of water loss and compare with the control plant. Data Table: Days | Monday| Tuesday| Wednesday| Thursday| Friday| Windy| 108. 2mg| 101. 1mg| 94. 1mg| 89. 7mg| 81. 7mg| Humidity| 103. 8mg| 103. 4mg| 103. 4mg| 103. 4mg| 103. 1mg| Light| 118. 8mg| 112. 1mg| 105. 0mg| 98. 4mg| 92. 9mg| Heat| 104. 3mg| 95. 8mg| 86. 8mg| 78. 7mg| 70. 1mg| Control| 115. 3mg| 115. 3mg| 115. 3mg| 115. 3mg| 115. 3mg| Analysis: Conclusion: Environmental factors, such as heat, humidity, light and wind, affect the rate of transpiration by making the plant loose either more or less water. In conditions such as wind, when there is no breeze, the air surrounding a leaf becomes increasingly humid thus reducing the rate of transpiration. When a breeze is present, the humid air is carried away and replaced by drier air. The opposite of that is the humidity where the plant lost very little water. It lost very little water because its environment was wet, so the plant did not need to diffuse much water. In heat, the air was hot and dry, so the plant lost water because it’s surrounding needed water to cool it down. Plants transpire more rapidly at higher temperatures because water evaporates more rapidly as the temperature rises. At 30Â °C, a leaf may transpire three times as fast as it does at 20Â °C. Finally, light lost a steady amount of water because plants transpire more rapidly in the light than in the dark. This is largely because light stimulates the opening of the stomata (mechanism). Light also speeds up transpiration by warming the leaf. I expected these results because it makes sense and I researched before completing the experiment. Some avoidable errors that could have happened would be accidentally splashing water on a plant or putting the conditions too close together. Some unavoidable errors could be the weather outside. Even if the experiment is conducted inside, the hot summer air or cold winter air could drift in the room, affecting the plants transpiration rate. Some further investigations I would make are things such as whether the type of plant affects the rate, or if the type of heat lamp or fan will change the results as well.

Commonly Used Proofreading Symbols with Examples

Commonly Used Proofreading Symbols with Examples Despite widespread use of software for writing and publishing, there are some cases in which knowing traditional proofreading symbols is recommended or required. This is especially true in the publishing industry.Below is a list of some commonly used proofreading symbols. However, keep in mind that different editors will use variations of these and/or others that are not listed here.New paragraph hereThis symbol denotes that the writer should begin a new paragraph wherever the symbol is placed. Particularly for pages containing extensive dialogue, starting a new paragraph is necessary to help the reader visually follow the flow of the narrative without the author implicitly stating who is speaking.Delete; take out somethingWhen a letter, word or clause should be deleted, the delete symbol is used and should be written over the element to be removed.Close up spaceA proofreader in the publishing industry will look at the proof, or printed copy of the publication, to check for errors. I f there are spaces too wide that need to be closed, this symbol is used.Transpose elementsIts easy for a writer to accidentally put words in the wrong order, which is why this sign is used to show elements should be transposed (or switched around).Insert whatever is written above or below the proofreading symbolWhen content is to be inserted, use this symbol along with whatever element should be inserted above or below it.Insert en dashThe en dash is wider than a hyphen but narrower than the em dash and should be used between dates.Insert em dashThe em dash can take the place of commas, parentheses, or colons and is a highly versatile punctuation mark. Considered less formal than parentheses, a pair of em dashes can be used to draw attention to the text within them without disrupting the flow of the sentence.Move leftThis proofreading symbol means the the content should be moved left. Note that the symbol should be as long as the lines of content to be moved.Move rightThis symbol me ans that the content should be moved right. As with the above symbol, this one should be as long as the lines of content to be moved.Make italicsIn most style guides, italics are used for book titles and other published material. This symbol means to change the word(s) to italics.Change to capital letter(s)If a word should have a capital letter, or multiple capital letters, this symbol is used.Align verticallyThis symbol means the content should be aligned vertically.Align horizontallyThis symbol is used to note when content should be aligned horizontally.

Intro to Film Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Intro to Film - Essay Example According to the research "Intro to Film" findings, Spielberg’s career can be divided into three distinct phases. His main commercial success took place during the years in between 1975 to 1993. During this phase, he directed many of his and Hollywood’s best films like Jaws, King-Kong, Superman, Star Wars and E.T., the Extra-Terrestrial, King Lucas, Raiders of the Lost Ark and Indiana Jones. Since 1994, his career took a new dimension and he got more engrossed with the manufacture of his dream studio, DreamWorks. Along with this he became further busy in production and directed some of the spectacular panoramas on the silver screen like Jurassic Park and its sequels along with The Lost World. Amistad, Catch Me If You Can, A.I. - Artificial Intelligence are some of the films from this director those were successful in the box office and were also critically acclaimed across the globe for their immense improvisation of technical usage and themes (American Film Institute, 2011). Spielberg’s style of filmmaking is responsible for his commercial success and worldwide critical acclamation of his films. His aesthetic senses are very strong and this is pertinent in his sets and costumes that so well fit with all his movies that they become an integral part of every film he directs. He has the power and flair to blend substance and maturity with entertainment. His language of the camera is both explicit and sometimes implicit. This particular style is exclusively Spielberg’s own signature and it has developed, strengthened and matured with years.

Macroeconomics problems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Macroeconomics problems - Essay Example b) Assume the exchange rate changes. Now, ‘1 euro=$1.20’. Showing all work, what does Wanda pay for the wine? What does Pierre pay for the computer? In this case, there is a change in the individual rates of exchange between the euro and the dollar. Currently, ‘1 euro=$1.20’ hence Wanda will spend (1000*1.20) 1200 dollars on a bottle of French wine. On the other hand, Pierre will spend (2000/1.20) 1,666.67 Euros on the purchase of an American computer. c) Which currency appreciated? Explain. Taking a closer look at the two currencies, it is evident that the Euro appreciated against the dollar. According to macroeconomic theory, appreciation of a currency refers to the increase in the value of one international currency against the other in the sense that the appreciating currency is able to purchase more of the other currency (Krugman & Wells 100). In the above mentioned case, the dollar and the Euro are international currency that had an initial exchange ra te of ‘1 euro=$1.08.’ However, there was a change in the exchange rates and the current rate stands at ‘1 euro=1.20.’ This means that the dollar has to fetch more additional units to purchase a single unit of a Euro. This is evident in the case of an American purchasing a bottle of wine and has to pay an initial price of 1080 dollars. Since the euro has appreciated, the American will have to pay a higher price of 1200 for the same bottle of French wine. Consumers using the Euro have a higher purchasing power compared to those using the dollar. SECTION TWO: a) In this section, you will set up a balance of payments table. Please read chapter 26. A BOP has three accounts. You will need to place each item in its proper account and have a dollar value for the total of each account. The table will be in billions. Please indicate, plus or minus, for each number. Credits ‘000,000 ($) Debits ‘000,000 ($) A. Current Account (1) Exports (2) Imports (3) Net Transfers (4) Net Interest Income Balance B. Capital Account (5) Foreign Investments in the U.S. (6) U.S. Investments Abroad Balance (7) Statistical Discrepancies Overall Balance C. Official Reserve Account +2,421 +150 +220 +1150 +250 +30 -2,971 -180 -900 -40 -30 b) What does the official settlements number indicate? Be precise in explaining this. Based on the above table, the official settlements number is -30 and this indicates that the US has an increase in its foreign reserves and that there is also a decrease in the dollar reserves held by foreign central banks (Krugman & Wells 113). The decrease in dollar reserves among foreign central banks count as debits in the Balance Of Payments account. SECTION THREE: a) Under what conditions would the Fed sell government securities? The Fed would sell government securities under conditions such as inflation, employment and national output. Under such cases, the Fed does not have control but can only influence such conditions to its fav or. The Fed can create an effect on such conditions by increasing or reducing the short term rate interest especially through open market operations. Some of the government securities used during open market operations includes treasury bills, bonds and notes (Krugman & Wells 119). The control of money supply offers tangible solutions to the conditions mentioned above. When the Fed is targeting to increase the supply of money in the economy, there will be the purchase of securities. On the

Black Man with a Nose Job Essay Example for Free

Black Man with a Nose Job Essay The article, Black man with a Nose job by Lawrence Otis Graham basically talks about how Mr. Graham got a nose job. The reading has plenty of controversies whether he is less black due to him narrowing his nose. This was a really interesting article because there were several critiques regarding his nose in which he described very well. This man was born into a generation were the concept of oxymoron included such things as a black man with a nose job. The reading starts on were Graham and his father are in the car driving to his doctor. During the way over there he faces with several people who are really concerned about him. Moving on from this, graham thinks about how his father would take it. As they arrived to the plastic surgeon he starts to see catalogs and magazines to what nose he would like to have. As he chooses the doctor gives his opinion to him whether it will look good or not. Once he was in the Manhattan’s upper west side to have his rhinoplasty done, Graham stopped and thought that having this done it was an assault to his identity and people. Growing up in a white neighborhood were all of them would get a cosmetic surgery Graham says, it was done to look better in his situation these alterations were made due to issues of ethnicity and heritage. As said in the book he never compared to a white man but surely he did with his own people. Overall, this article is really interesting because it has plenty of other topics such as on how other people of different races as well have done a surgery and have not seem to be different from their own people. As mentioned in the book one’s racial identity is not embodied in one’s nose. This means that it shouldn’t be a problem because you are the same person who grew up in that race. The article mentioned self hatred of being an accusation done for anyone who has done a surgery. This is really hard to explain but in my opinion self hatred in general can be a problem for people who have a low self-esteem about themselves. If you were born with several, in my opinion people shouldn’t change it. People should be happy and appreciate were they come from. These issues will never change because we are in a world where the media really portrays many things for looking better. Everyone will always want to have what other people have but just as the article says it will not make you less of which ever ethnicity you come from.

Interview With Toni Morrison :: essays papers

"I'm interested in the way in which the past affects the present and I think that if we understand a good deal more about history, we automatically understand a great more about contemporary life. Also, there's more of the past for imaginative purposes than there is of the future." Q. Beloved is dedicated to the 60 million who died as a result of slavery. A staggering number -- is this proved historically? A. Some historians told me 200 million died. The smallest number I got from anybody was 60 million. There were travel accounts of people who were in the Congo -- that's a wide river -- saying, ''We could not get the boat through the river, it was choked with bodies.'' That's like a logjam. A lot of people died. Half of them died in those ships. Slave trade was like cocaine is now -- even though it was against the law, that didn't stop anybody. Imagine getting $1,000 for a human being. That's a lot of money. There are fortunes in this country that were made that way. I thought this has got to be the least read of all the books I'd written because it is about something that the characters don't want to remember, I don't want to remember, black people don't want to remember, white people don't want to remember. I mean, it's national amnesia. Q. You gave new insight into the daily struggle of slaves. A. I was trying to make it a personal experience. The book was not about the institution -- Slavery with a capital S. It was about these anonymous people called slaves. What they do to keep on, how they make a life, what they're willing to risk, however long it lasts, in order to relate to one another -- that was incredible to me. For me, the torturous restraining devices became a hook on which to say what it was like in personal terms. I knew about them because slaves who wrote about their lives mentioned them, and white people wrote about them. There's a wonderful diary of the Burr family in which he talks about his daily life and says, ''Put the bit on Jenny today.'' He says that about 19 times in six months -- and he was presumably an enlightened slave owner.

Poetry analysis on “How Do I Love Thee” and “Sonnet XVIII” Essay

Both, Elizabeth Barrett Browning’s â€Å"How Do I Love Thee† and William Shakespeare’s â€Å"Sonnet XVIII,† explore the universal theme of eternal, transcending love. Similarly, both sonnets are confessions of love towards a male subject. Browning’s is a passionate love; one that the Greeks referred to as eros. â€Å"Eros is Love, who overpowers the mind, and tames the spirit in the breasts of both gods and men .† Shakespeare’s, however, is the love of agape. It is the love one feels for his family, and friends . In dealing with the theme of love, both poems reference the beauty of their emotions, and the everlasting nature of such beauty. Barrett’s â€Å"How Do I Love Thee† follows the structure of a Petrarchan sonnet, and is therefore written in iambic pentameter. It consists of 14 lines, and is divided into an octave and a sestet. The octave has a rhyme scheme of ABBA ABBA. It presents the primary problem facing the author, in this case being the question of her declaration of love. The sestet has a rhyme scheme of CDCDCD. It resolves the problem presented by clarifying the ways in which the author loves her beloved, and claiming that her love would be strengthened in the afterlife. Shakespeare’s â€Å"Sonnet XVIII† follows the structure of a classical Shakespearean sonnet, and as such, is written in iambic pentameter. It consists of 14 lines, divided into three quatrains and a rhyming couplet. The rhyme scheme of the first quatrain is ABAB, and introduces the primary notion of the sonnet, it being the comparison of the speaker’s beloved to a summer’s day. The second quatrain has a rhyme scheme of CDCD, and  strengthens the comparison of the beloved to a summer’s day. The third quatrain’s rhyme scheme is EFEF, shifting the focus from the temperate summer, to the virtually everlasting nature of the memory of the beloved. The couplet has a rhyme scheme of GG, and concludes the sonnet by tying together the themes of love and poetry. Barrett’s sonnet is imbedded with beautifully incorporated literary devices. She begins with the rhetorical question, â€Å"How do I love thee?† She then proceeds to answer this questions by saying, â€Å"Let me count the ways.† This can be interpreted as an evident hyperbole, as her feelings are so pure that she could never truly count the number of ways in which she loves this man. Barrett uses figurative language in saying, â€Å"I love thee to the depth and breadth and height/My soul can reach.† This places a picture of infinite space, or in this case infinite love, in the readers mind. She also makes use of analogy through the lines, â€Å"I love thee freely, as men strive for Right;† This compares the passion and love she is giving of her free will, to the passion which men put forward when fighting for justice. This establishes not only that her love is not bound, but also that it is strong, and honest. An analogy can also be seen in the following line, as she states, â€Å"I love thee purely, as they turn from Praise,† insisting her love is as modest and pure as the hearts of those men who are striving for justice. The last line of the sonnet states, â€Å"I shall but love thee better after death.† Death is somewhat ironic in this context, since it is both what ends the poem, and what ends life. Shakespeare’s introduces his sonnet with the line â€Å"Shall I compare thee to a summer day?† In a sense, this foreshadows that the beloved will, in fact, be compared to a summer’s day. Perhaps, even more than that, it foreshadows the use of metaphors throughout sonnet, as the comparison will be made. Shakespeare begins the comparison by drawing parallels between his beloved and the summer’s day, through the line â€Å"Thou art more lovely and more temperate.† He carefully chooses his adjectives so that they may apply to both summer, and his beloved. He continues by stating that â€Å"rough winds do shake the darling buds of May.† In this, he is using rough winds as a symbol of erratic chance and change, and implying that his beloved is superior  because he does not suffer from these winds. The author personifies the sky, or â€Å"heaven,† by using the metaphor of an â€Å"eye† in place of the sun. He further personifies the season by mentioning that the summer’s â€Å"gold complexion† is often â€Å"dimmed,† which compares yet another human attribute of his beloved, with a trait of summer. The author then assures his beloved that his â€Å"eternal summer shall not fade.† Through this, he uses summer as a metaphor for beauty. The speaker brags that his beloved will never suffer the same fate as a summer’s day, because he has dedicated him to â€Å"eternal lines.† This adds the theme of poetry to a sonnet that had, until now, been about love.